THEORY ADVERBIAL CLAUS

THEORY ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

THEORY ADVERBIAL CLAUS

TEORY ADVERBIAL CLAUSE
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja. Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1.Clause of time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.
Contoh:
1.Shut the door before you go out.
2.You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
3.While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
4.By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
5.No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2.Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
•They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
•The guard stood where he was positioned.
•Where there is a will, there is a way.
•Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
•Go where you like.

3.Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
•As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
•Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
•Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
•He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4.Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
•He did as I told him.
•You may finish it how you like.
•They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
•Clause of Purpose and Result.

5.Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
•They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
•She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
•He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
•I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
•Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
•It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
•The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
•The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
•The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
•I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
•He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
•The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
•It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
•It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
•She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
•They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
•Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
•This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
•Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
•Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
•Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2.Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
•Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
•Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
•As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
•Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3.Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
•Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
•Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
•Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1.Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
•ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
•MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2.Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
•ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
•MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1.DAPAT DIRUBAH
•While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
•While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
•Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.

2.TIDAK DAPAT DIRUBAH
•While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
•While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll
Contoh:
•If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
•She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
•Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss
•In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
•The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
•We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.

ARTIKEL ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

ARTIKEL ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Prince Diponegoro 

Born of a family Sultanate of Yogyakarta, has exceptional leadership and heroism. His heart is clean and as a prince eventually led him into a future that must appear in order to defend the family honor, empire, its people and nation of Dutch colonialism. 
But the risk of heart cleanliness, he was arrested by the Dutch with sly way, engineering negotiations. But even so, he would never regret his death with a calm heart, not indebted to his nation, his people, his family, especially to himself. 
Honesty, simplicity, humility, probity, leadership, heroism, that's perhaps a little character who was captured when we trace the journey of struggle hero who was born in Yogyakarta on 11 November 1785, this. 

Prince Diponegoro, whose original name Raden Mas Ontowiryo, this shows the simplicity or humility when it refused his father's wishes, the third lane to make him king.He refuses to remember the birth mother is not the empress. 
For people who are greedy will position, the rejection must be very unfortunate. Because the greedy people, let alone be given, if necessary, seize anything done. Seeing this resistance, it is clear there is no bit greedy nature of this Prince. There is only a pure heart. He did not want to accept what he said was not entitled. That's the nature of the dipertunjukkannya in his father's rejection of the bid.
But otherwise, he will also fight to the death of what he said they are entitled. Nature is clearly visible when considering the attitude of his when he saw perlakuanBelanda in Yogyakarta around 1920. His heart could not accept the intervention of the Dutch when he saw that the bigger the problem the kingdom of Yogyakarta. Various regulation order made by the Dutch government said was demeaning the kings of Java. This attitude is also very clearly show the nature of his leadership and heroism. 
As we know that the Dutch at every opportunity always use the political 'break-belah' it.In Yogyakarta itself too, Prince Diponegoro see, that the nobles there often in fights Dutch sheep. When these two nobles who pitted the flock of mutual suspicion, the lands of the kingdom was more and more taken by the Dutch for farm entrepreneurs from the country's windmills.
Seeing this situation, Prince Diponegoro show attitude is not happy and decided to leave the palace and for all settle in Tegalrejo. Seeing his way, Holland even accused him of preparing an uprising. So on June 20, 1825, the Dutch did the attack on Tegalrejo. Thus the Diponegoro War had already begun.
In a war in this Tegalrejo, Prince and his troops were forced to retreat, and hereinafter start building a new defense in Selarong. Carried out a guerilla war where troops moved around a lot harder to keep his troops destroyed the Dutch. This guerrilla warfare tactics in the first years to make its forces are superior and more difficult for the Dutch.
However, after the Netherlands to replace tactics by building castles in the area that has been mastered, the movement eventually Diponegoro was no longer as free as before.In addition, the Dutch were always persuade figures who held the resistance to stop the war. Finally, since in 1829 the resistance of the people were on the wane.
Dutch occasionally still get resistance from Diponegoro, in many ways continue to strive to capture the prince. Even the contest was dipergunaan. Gulden 50,000 prize is given to anyone who could capture the Diponegoro. Diponegoro himself never give up even though its strength weakened.
For a variety of ways by the Dutch never succeeded, so cunning and dirty game got underway. Diponegoro was invited to Magelang to negotiate, with any assurance that there is no agreement, Diponegoro allowed back into place safely. Diponegoro an honest and clean heart, believe in the good intentions of the proposed Dutch. What prostitute, talks invitation seems to have become rotten plan to capture this prince. In talks in Magelang, March 28, 1830, he was arrested and exiled to Manado who were later moved again to Ujungpandang.
After about 25 years detained in Fort Rotterdam, Ujungpandang, finally on January 8, 1855 he died. His remains were buried there. He died a hero of the people who never want to give up on human kejaliman. 
  Posted in Articles, Stories, Legends, History | Tags: Dutch, Indonesian, Independence, National Hero, Prince Diponegoro, Leaders, History

Artikel Present Perfect Tense

Artikel Present Perfect Tense

Once upon a time, there was a girl called Cinderella. Cinderella is lived happily with her mother and father until her mother died. Feel that Cinderella needs a mother figure in his life, Cinderella’s father remarries to a woman who has two daughters of her own.
Unfortunately, Cinderella's father dies and she lived only with her stepmother and stepsisters. They were very bossy, she had to do all the housework.
One day on invitation to the hall come to the family. The King invited for all the eligible ladies in the kingdom so as to find Prince a wife. Her stepsisters would no let her go. Cinderella was sad. The stepsisters went to the hall without her.
Fortunately, the fairy Godmother came and helped her to get to the hall with the wave of magic wand, helped prepared Cinderella for the hall. The fairy does warn her that is magic will end at a stroke of midnight, so she must leaved the hall before than.
At the hall all people surprised when Cinderella arrived. And then the Prince invited Cinderella to danced. He fell in love with her.
All of a sudden, the clock star to chime that is a midnight. Cinderella hastily runs away, dropped a glass slipper as she does so. Cinderella escapes, with nothing from the night left, except from the other glass slipper, which had not changed back.
Prince Charming orders his love to be found by means of the odd shoe, and the Grand Duke is sent around the land getting every girl in the land to try on the glass slipper to see if it fits.
Eventually the Grand Duke reaches the residence of Cinderella, but she is nowhere to be seen. The stepsisters frantically try to get the glass slipper to fit so as to wed into royalty, but compatible nothing that. The Grand Duke is about to leave as Cinderella finally appears. He orders the messenger to brought forth the glass slipper, yet the stepmother in a last minute attempt to prevent her stepdaughter from better things, causes the messenger to trip, thus broken the fragile shoe into pieces. Yet the arrogant woman hadn't betted on Cinderella produced the other glass slipper, which fits onto Cinderella's foot perfectly.
Very soon, wedding bells ring, and Cinderella married her prince, and they live happily ever after

Artikel Direct & Indirect

Artikel Direct & Indirect

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Theory present perfect

Present Perfect Tense

Formula untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah:

Subject + (has/have) + verb3 + object + modifier

Contoh:

1. Farmers in Jati Bali have grown rice crops since 1970. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali telah menanam padi sejak tahun 1970).
2. Some students have conducted research on vegetative plant propagations for two months. (Beberapa siswa telah melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif selama 2 bulan).
3. Transpiration has started to increase since three hours ago. (Transpirasi telah mulai meningkat sejak tiga jam yang lalu).

Pada dasarnya, penggunaan Present Perfect Tense dapat dikelompokkan dalam 3 kategori, yaitu:

1. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas sudah terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1. John has traveled around the world.  (John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia).
2. She has read the entire book. (Dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan).
3. I have eaten. (Saya telah makan).
4. Someone has stolen my book.  (Seseorang telah mencuri buku saya).
5. They have gone.  (Mereka telah pergi).

2. Untuk menyatakan kekerapan (berapa kali) kejadian/aktivitas terjadi/dilakukan pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified/indefinite time) di masa lampau.

Contoh:

1. I have seen the Titanic three times. (Saya telah nonton Titanic tiga kali).
2. She has fallen in love ten times. (Dia telah jatuh cinta 10 kali).
3. They have failed the exam twice. (Mereka telah gagal ujian 2 kali).
4. My car has broken down five times. (Mobil saya telah mogok 5 kali minggu ini).
5. Our dean has punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita telah menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali).

3. Untuk menyatakan bahwa kejadian/aktivitas t

erus terjadi/dilakukan mulai dari waktu tertentu di masa lampau sampai sekarang (now).

Contoh:

1. I have lived in this house for nine years. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah ini selama  9 tahun). Artinya, sejak 9 tahun yang lalu sampai sekarang, saya telah tinggal di runah ini.
   
2. We have studied English since a month ago. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris sejak 1 bulan yang lalu). Artinya, sejak sebulan yang lalu hingga sekarang, kita telah belajar bahasa inggris.
   
3. He has married her for nineteen years. (Dia telah mengawininya selama 19 tahun).
4. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place since 1980. (Pak  Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama sejak tahun 1980).
5. She has waited for her boyfriend for an hour. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya selama satu jam).

Penggunaan For dan Since

Khusus untuk penggunaan present perfect tense yang ketiga ini, waktu kejadian/aktivitas yang dilakukan oleh subject dinyatakan dengan menggunakan for dan since. For (berarti selama) diikuti oleh durasi atau lamanya waktu kejadian. Misalnya: for thirty years (selama 30 tahun), for ten minutes (selama 10 menit), for a week (selama seminggu), etc. Sedangkan, since (berarti sejak) diikuti oleh kapan kejadian/aktivitas itu dimulai. Misalnya: since 1985 (sejak tahun 1985), since January (sejak bulan Januari), since 2 o’clock (sejak jam 2), etc.

Perhatikan kelima contoh di atas. Jika for diganti dengan since, atau sebaliknya, maka kalimat di atas menjadi:

1. I have lived in this house since 2000. (Saya telah tinggal di rumah ini sejak  tahun 2000).
2. We have studied English for a month. (Kita telah belajar bahasa Inggris selama 1 bulan).
3. He has married her since 1990. (Dia telah mengawininya sejak tahun 1990).
4. Mr. Johnson has worked in the same place for twenty-nine years. (Pak  Johnson telah bekerja di tempat yang sama selama 29 tahun).
5. She has waited for her boyfriend since an hour ago. (Dia telah menunggu pacarnya sejak sejam yang lalu).

Negative Form

Bentuk negatif kalimat dalam Present Perfect Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan not setelah auxilary has/have, seperti yang terlihat dalam formula berikut,

Subject + (has/have) + not + verb3 + object + modifier

Note: (has not) dapat disingkat menjadi hasn’t, sedangkan (have not) dapat disingkat menjadi haven’t.
Contoh:

1. John has not traveled around the world.  (John belum bertamasya ke seluruh dunia).
2. She has not read the entire book. (Dia belum membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan).
3. I have not eaten. (Saya belum makan).
4. Someone has not stolen my book. (Seseorang belum mencuri buku saya).
5. They have not gone.  (Mereka belum pergi).
6. I have not seen the Titanic three times. (Saya belum nonton Titanic tiga kali).
7. She has not fallen in love ten times. (Dia belum jatuh cinta 10 kali).
8. They have not passed the exam two times. (Mereka belum lulus ujian 2 kali).
9. My car has not broken down five times. (Mobil saya belum mogok 5 kali).
10. Our dean has not punished that very rebellious student three times. (Dekan kita belum menghukum mahasiswa yang sangat membangkang itu 3 kali).

Yes/No Questions

Yes/No Questions untuk Present Perfect Tense adalah sebagai berikut:

(Has/have) + subject + verb3+ object + modifier?

Contoh:

1. Has John traveled around the world?  (Apakah John telah bertamasya ke seluruh dunia?).
2. Has she read the entire book? (Apakah dia telah membaca buku itu secara keseluruhan?).
3. Have you eaten? (Apakah kamu telah makan?).
4. Has someone stolen your book?  (Apakah seseorang telah mencuri buku kamu?).
5. Have they gone?  (Apakah mereka telah pergi?).

Penggunaan already dan yet

a. Adverb already digunakan untuk mempertegas pernyatakan bahwa sesuatu telah atau belum terjadi pada waktu yang tidak spesifik (unspecified time) di masa lampau. Already (telah/sudah) digunakan pada kalimat positif, sedangkan yet (belum) digunakan pada kalimat negatif dan kalimat tanya.

Already biasanya diletakkan di antara auxiliary (has/have) dan verb3, tetapi bisa juga diletakkan diakhir kalimat tanpa merubah arti kalimat, seperti terlihat dalam formula berikut:.

Subject + (has/have) + already + verb3 + object + modifier

Atau

Subject + (has/have) + Verb3 + object + modifier + already

Contoh:

1. John has already traveled around the world.  Atau, John has traveled around the world already.
2. She has already read the entire book. Atau, She has read the entire book already.
3. I have already eaten. Atau, I have eaten already.
4. Someone has already stolen my book. Atau, Someone has stolen my book already.
5. They have already gone. Atau, They have gone already. 

b. Adverb yet digunakan pada negative form (kalimat negative) dan interogative form (kalimat tanya), yang biasanya ditempatkan di akhir kalimat, seperti pada formula berikut ini:

Subject + (has/have) +  not + verb3 + object + modifier + yet

Selain itu, yet juga bisa juga ditempatkan di tengah kalimat (yaitu setelah  has/have) dengan formula sebagai berikut:

Subject + (has/have) + yet + (to + Verb1) + object + modifier

Note: verb3 berubah menjadi infinitive (to + verb1). Dan, walaupun tidak ada not, kalimat ini bermakna negatif (maknanya sama dengan jika yet ditempatkan di akhir kalimat).

Contoh:

1. John has not traveled around the world yet. Atau, John has yet to travel around the world.
2. She has not read the entire book yet. Atau, She has yet to read the entire book.
3. I have not eaten yet. Atau, I have yet to eat.
4. Someone has not stolen my book yet. Atau, Someone has yet to steal my book
5. They haven’t gone yet. Atau, They have yet to go. 

Dalam kalimat tanya, yet umumnya ditempatkan diakhir kalimat.

Contoh:

1. Has John traveled around the world yet?
2. Has she read the entire book yet?
3. Have you eaten yet?
4. Has someone found your book yet?
5. Have they gone yet?  etc.

Kesimpulan

Dari penjelasan di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa present perfect tense pada prinsipnya digunakan untuk:

1. Untuk menekankan SUDAH/ BELUM. Kamu sudah makan belum? (Have you eaten yet?)
2. Untuk menekankan SUDAH BERAPA KALI. Sudah berapa kali kamu makan hari ini? (How many times have you eaten today?).
3. Untuk menekankan DURASI kejadian/aktivitas. Sudah berapa lama kamu belum makan? (For how long haven’t you eaten yet?