Theory Direct and Indirect speech

Theory Direct and Indirect speech

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung

Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.

Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.

Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.

Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :

Peraturan I

Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

Simple present - menjadi - Simple past

He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came

Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :

Direct Speech ------------------- Indirect Speech

Simple present ------------------ Simple past

Present continuous -------------- Past continuous

Present perfect ----------------- Past perfect

Present perfect continuous ------ Past perfect continuous

Simple past --------------------- Past perfect

Past continuous ----------------- Past perfect continuous

Future -------------------------- Past

Present ------------------------- Past


Kekecualian :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech - Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” - He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:

Direct Speech

      this = ini

      these = ini

      come = dating

      here = di sini, ke sini

      hence = dari sini

      hither = ke tempat ini

      ago = yang lalu

      now = sekarang

      today = hari ini

      tomorrow = besok

      yesterday = kemarin

      last night = tadi malam

      next week = minggu depan

      thus = begini

contoh :

He said, “I will come here”.

Indirect Speech

      that = itu

      those = itu

      go = pergi

      there = di sana, ke sana

      thence = dari sana

      thither = ke tempat itu

      before = lebih dahulu

      then = pada waktu itu

      that day = hari itu

      next day = hari berikutnya

      the previous day = sehari sebelumnya

      the previous night = semalam sebelumnya

      the following week = minggu berikutnya

      so = begitu

Contoh:
He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus said, “This is my pen”. - Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

Peraturan II

1) Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.

Reporting verb - Reported speech

Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)

Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.

Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.

Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.

Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)

Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.

Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)

2) Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya

a) Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.

Direct

He said to me, “Where are you going?”

He said to me, “What are you doing?”


Indirect

He asked me where I was going

He inquired of me what I was doing

b) Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :

Direct

He said to me, “Are you going

away today?”

He asked me , “can you come along?”


Indirect

He asked me whether I was

going away that day.

He asked me if I could come along.

3) Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)

Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :

· command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.

· precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.

· request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.

· entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).

· prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.

Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.

a) Command :

Direct: He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”

Indirect:He ordered his servant to go away at once

b) Precept :

Direct: She said to her son, “Study hard!”

Indirect: He advised her son to study hard

c) Request :

Direct: He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”

Indirect: He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil

d) Entreaty :

Direct: He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”

Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.

e) Prohibition :

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She forbade her daughter to go there

Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.

Direct: She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”

Indirect: She asked herdaughter not to go there.

4) Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)

Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say

atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out,

pray dsb.

a) Exclamatory sentences

Direct: He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”

Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.

b) Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)

Direct: He said, “God bless you, my dear son “

Indirect: He prayed that God would bless his dear son

TULISAN 1

The Jackson 5

The Jackson 5, Jackson Five (also spelled The Jackson Five or The Jackson 5ive, and later as The Jacksons) is a group of brothers singer who comes from Gary, Indiana. Jacson 5 has received the first 2 Grammy Award nominations.

Founding member of the group, Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael Jackson to form this group after changing its name to The Jackson Brothers, which was originally composed of 3 persons oldest brother. Active from 1966 to 1989, Jacksons brothers experimented in music R & B, soul, pop and disco final. During the 6-year career at Motown, the Jackson 5 is one of the greatest pop phenomenon in the 1970s [1].

Jackson 5 to start releasing singles ("I Want You Back", "ABC", "The Love You Save", and "I'll Be There"), which reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States charts. Some singles, like "Mama's Pearl", "Never Can Say Goodbye" and "Dancing Machine", occupied the Top 5 pop hits and number one in the singles charts R & B. Most of the written and produced by their special songwriter at Motown, namely "The Corporation"; Jackson 5 songs of the latter largely done by Page Davis. In the late 1970s, the Jacksons brothers began writing and producing their own songs

TULISAN 2

Malin Kundang

One day, there lived a family in the coastal area of ​​Sumatra. The family had a kid named Malin Kundang. Due to very poor condition of their families, the father's master decided to go to the country side.

Great expectations and her mother's master, one day his father came home with a lot of money that will be able to buy daily necessities. After months of his old master was my father did not come, and finally pupuslah Malin Kundang and her mother's expectations.

After Malin Kundang growing up, he thought to make a living in the country side in the hope that later on when returning to my hometown, he has become a very rich. Finally Malin Kundang go sailing along with a merchant ship captain in his hometown that has been successful.

During his stay on the ship, Malin Kundang lot to learn about seamanship on the crew that has been experienced. Malin studied hard on his friends shipping on more experienced, and ultimately he's very good at shipping.

Many islands have been, up to a day in the middle of the trip, suddenly climbed Malin Kundang ships were attacked by pirates. All merchandise traders who were on the ship seized by pirates. Even most of the crew and people on the ship were killed by the pirates. Malin Kundang very lucky he was not killed by the pirates, because when it happened, Malin immediately hid in a small space enclosed by the timber.

Malin Kundang float amid sea, until finally the host ship stranded on a beach. With the rest of the existing power, Malin Kundang walked to the nearest village from the beach. Arriving in the village, Malin Kundang helped by people in the village after previously telling incident that happened to him. Malin village where villagers stranded is very fertile. With tenacity and perseverance in work, over time Malin had become a very rich. He has many fruit merchant ships with the children of more than 100 people. After becoming rich, Malin Kundang marry a girl to become his wife.

After a long marriage, Malin and his wife make the voyage with a large and beautiful ship with the crew and a lot of bodyguards. Mother Malin Kundang that every day waiting for his son, saw a very beautiful ship, the entrance to the harbor. He saw two people who were standing on the deck of a ship. He believes that it is her son standing with his wife Malin Kundang.

Malin Kundang stepped down from the ship. He was greeted by his mother. Once close enough, his mother saw right dilengan dozen injured person, the more convinced his mother that he was approached Malin Kundang. "Malin Kundang, my son, why did you go so long without sending you?", He said, hugging Malin Kundang. But Kundang immediately release her mother's arms and pushed him up to fall. "Women do not know myself, as my mother said carelessly," said Malin Kundang at his mother. Malin Kundang pretended not to recognize her mother, because of shame with her mother who is old and wearing tattered clothes. "She was your mother?", T wife Malin Kundang. "No, he was just a beggar who pretended to be admitted as a mom to get my property," Malin said to his wife. Hearing statement and treated arbitrarily by his son, the mother of Malin Kundang very angry. He did not expect him to be rebellious child. Because anger is mounting, Malin's mother tipped his hand, saying "Oh God, if he my son, I sumpahi he became a stone." Not long after the winds roared fierce winds and storms come to destroy the ship master Kundang. After that Malin Kundang body slowly becomes rigid and in time they finally shaped into a rock.

TULISAN 3

PLANNING INCOME AND EXPENSE
EVERY MONTH

In my previous article, I said that there are several things to help your finance every month :

1.   Plan your income and expense every month

2.   Do the plan strictly

3.   Have reserves fund

4.   Take some insurances

This article will discuss point 1 and 2.

1.   Plan your income and expense every month

Starting right now, plan when you will get your salary, how much its amount, and when you will spend your money, what the posts and how much the amount of expenses. The plan called Budget.

In example, you will receive this much on your salary on 27th, then from that amount you will use this much for this expense, that amount for that expense, and so on. So, if you make a budget first, you will detect on the first place whether there will be deficit or not in the middle of the month. If yes, you can revise the budget to avoid deficit.

Composing budget is very easy. If you have already known the amount of average income and expense every month, you could also predict how much income and expense for the next coming months.


Budget function

Many people feels uncomfortable to draw up and have budget. They think budget is the same with restrain their shopping desire.

NO. The function of a budget is to inform if your expense surpass your income or not. If yes, you ocan revise the budget so deficit can be avoided.

But, if you do not have budget, you will be difficult to know if your family expense has surpassed the income. So, if there is deficit at the end of the month, you just realize it at that time, after all has happened.


IMPORTANT

Include saving in your budget. Usually people save their money later, after their money was spent. So, sometimes they cannot save their money because all of their money was spent for shopping.

Thereby, it would be better if saving is not included later but earlier. Therefore, when you draw up a budget, insert saving as one of the posts that you must do earlier, at least after you repay your loan.

2.   Do the plan strictly.

A plan is useless if it is not done. In here, plan of income and expense as much as Rp250,000, if you strictly obey and want to do according the budget, at the end of the month the discrepancy between income and expense of your family will be certainly figured out, namely Rp250,000.

Thereby, it would be easier to make another plan froward, because you have already known that every end of the month you surely have discrepancy of Rp250,000, which can be used for another purpose.

However, sometimes people, although have already made up a simple budget, is still unable to meet their budget. If he, i.e. allocated Rp500,000 per month for shopping, the figure could expand to Rp750,000.

This can be prevented with a harder system, namely 'envelope system'. If you have already drawn up a budget, you should allocate the amount right away according to each post. Each post is represented by one envelope. If the money in the envelope is empty, you don't have to try opening the other envelopes, because you have already known that budget for the related post has touched its limit. Envelope system is a little complicated, but perhaps it is the sacrifice that you should doso that you will not experience deficit. The most important, your expense now is more controllable.

TULISAN 4

The Princess and the Pea

Once upon a time there was a prince who wanted to marry a princess; but she would have to be a real princess. He travelled all over the world to find one, but nowhere could he get what he wanted. There were princesses enough, but it was difficult to find out whether they were real ones. There was always something about them that was not as it should be. So he came home again and was sad, for he would have liked very much to have a real princess.

One evening a terrible storm came on; there was thunder and lightning, and the rain poured down in torrents. Suddenly a knocking was heard at the city gate, and the old king went to open it.

It was a princess standing out there in front of the gate. But, good gracious! what a sight the rain and the wind had made her look. The water ran down from her hair and clothes; it ran down into the toes of her shoes and out again at the heels. And yet she said that she was a real princess.

Well, we'll soon find that out, thought the old queen. But she said nothing, went into the bed-room, took all the bedding off the bedstead, and laid a pea on the bottom; then she took twenty mattresses and laid them on the pea, and then twenty eider-down beds on top of the mattresses.

On this the princess had to lie all night. In the morning she was asked how she had slept.

"Oh, very badly!" said she. "I have scarcely closed my eyes all night. Heaven only knows what was in the bed, but I was lying on something hard, so that I am black and blue all over my body. It's horrible!"

Now they knew that she was a real princess because she had felt the pea right through the twenty mattresses and the twenty eider-down beds.

Nobody but a real princess could be as sensitive as that.

So the prince took her for his wife, for now he knew that he had a real princess; and the pea was put in the museum, where it may still be seen, if no one has stolen it.

TULISAN 5

Magic Flute

In ancient times there is a small, very beautiful weekend is situated at the foot of the hill. Week in recognizable Hamelyn. Residents in the week living with a secure peace, but they do not  attitude toward cleanliness. Week is full of leavings. They throw trash on the evenly-week average lead into the breeding mice. Every day more and more rats multiply causing the dipebuhi week by rats.

Rats roam the number diakhir hari. Each house of the rats to move freely without any feeling of fear of humans. Residents in this week trying to defend rats and cats to banish any of them setting a trap but did not impress too many because rats. They're really hard heart and mind how to eliminate the dead rats.

The calamities that befall week has spread widely to other weeks sehingga one day a young man who did not recognize came into the week and offers serius to dispel all the rats with the weekend population requirement to pay wages above levels of two pieces wang mas everyone. Residents in the week talking among themselves over the young man's offer. There diantara they do not agree by karena they can not afford to pay wages that are very expensive. After talking at length they finally agreed to pay wages as required by the young man karena they have no other choice.

The decision was declared to the young man, then he pulled out a magic flute and blow. The sound that comes out of the flute was very melodious  who heard it. The rats that were dimerata place within the first week out and gathered around him. The young man walked slowly while blowing the magic flute and into a river far from the weekend. If until the edge of the river continues to enter the young man and followed by all mouses.mouse-rat is not able to swim in the river and all of them suffocated.

Now Hamelyn week has been freer than the attack of rats and people cheered with joy. When the young man demanded his promise, the population is reluctant to pay the wages that were promised they regard kerana work created by the young man was not commensurate with the requested wage simply by blowing the flute because sake only. Youth was very angry and he menuipkan flute magic once again. Rhythm that comes out of the flute was very enticing a child causing all children gathered around him. Now when all the children gathered the young man walked and blew the flute and attended by all children. The young man carrying a child out of the week Hamelyn. After Mother Father realize  call themselves will lose their children, they begin to feel anxious because childhood had left them and followed the young man. They chase the young man and seduce in order to stop rather than blowing the flute and repatriate their children. They see themselves able to give all property provided that the boy has  no return of their children.

Residents do not diendahkan seduction by the young man and then they bring a child is headed somewhere and when they got there appeared a sudden cave. Youth had into the cave and followed by a child. When everything suddenly entered the cave and lost than sight unseen population of the week. They can not do anything by because they had to disown promises they make. They see themselves regret over their actions but it was too late. Regret regret income first and then is useless.

So today people do not forget the slip Hamelyn week which passed so by their ancestors. Fulfill a promise is a strong grip diamalkan by residents Hamelyn week so today.

TULISAN 6

Roro Jonggrang

Once upon a time in ancient times, a very large empire Stood Called Prambanan. People Prambanan very peaceful and Prosperous under the leadership of king named King Baka. Small Kingdoms in the region around Prambanan Also very submissive and respect the leadership of King Baka. Meanwhile, in another place, 'there is a kingdom That Is not less great as the kingdom of Prambanan, the kingdom Pengging. Kingdom are known to be very arrogant and always wanted to expand its power. Pengging Kingdom have a powerful warrior named Bondowoso. He has a magic weapon Called Bandung, so Bondowoso known as Bondowoso. Besides having a powerful weapon, Bondowoso Also have armies of Jin. The army Used to help Bondowoso to attack another kingdom and fulfill all desires. Up to one point, the arrogant king summoned Pengging Bondowoso. King Pengging Bondowoso were the resource persons then ordered to attack the kingdom of Prambanan. The next day Bondowoso Called his hosts in the form of Jin to come together, and Immediately Went to the Kingdom of Prambanan.
Arriving at Prambanan, Immediately They burst into the palace of Prambanan. Baka King and his scrambling Troops, Because They are less preparation. Bondowoso finally managed to occupy the kingdom of Prambanan, and King Baka Died of exposure Bondowoso weapons. "

 Bondowoso victory and his Troops welcomed by King Pengging. Then King Pengging Also mandates Bondowoso to occupy the Palace of Prambanan and take care of everything in it, Including the family of King Baka.

 At the time Bondowoso live in Prambanan Palace, he saw a woman Who is very beautiful. The woman is Roro Jonggrang, daughter of King Baka. When viewing Roro Jonggrang, began to fall in love Bondowoso. With no thought longer, direct Bondowoso Jonggrang Roro call and apply.


 "O Roro Jonggrang, would be permaisuriku if thee?", Tanya Bondowoso in Roro Jonggrang.

 
Hearing the question of these Bondowoso, Roro Jonggrang just paused and looked puzzled. Actually he hates Bondowoso, having killed his father, whom she loved. But on the other hand, Roro Jonggrang Afraid Bondowoso reject an application. Finally, after thinking for a moment, Roro Jonggrang Also find a way to make Bondowoso not consummate the marriage.

 "Okay, I accept lamaranmu. But after you meet one condition from me", said Roro Jonggrang.

 
"Is it Roro syaratmu Jonggrang?", Tanya Bandawasa Bandung.
 

"Make me a thousand Temples and two wells in one night", said Roro Jonggrang.

Such hearings as requested Jonggrang Roro, Bondowoso was Immediately Agreed. He feels That is a condition into the which is very easy for him, Because it has armies of Jin Bondowoso very much. In the evening, Bandung Bandawasa began collecting his hosts. In an instant, the armies of these comes in the form of Jin. Having Heard the command of Bondowoso, the army was Immediately build Temples and wells very Quickly. Roro Jonggrang WHO witnessed the construction of the temple began to get nervous and frightened, Because in two-thirds of the night, only three temples and a well They are not finished. Roro Jonggrang then thinking hard, looking for Ways to Bondowoso cans not meet its requirements.

 After thinking hard, Roro Jonggrang finally found a way out. He will from the make the atmosphere be like in the morning, so That the Genie is to stop the manufacture of the temple.

 Roro Jonggrang Immediately summoned all the lady's maid in the palace. Lady's maid is given the task of Roro Jonggrang to burn straw, now the mortar, and sprinkle That smells Fragrant flower scent.

 Having Heard the command from Roro Jonggrang, lady's maid soon burn straw. Soon the sky was reddish pink, and the mortar Begins to sound. The smell of Fragrant Flowers That spreads began to smell, and the Chickens began to crow.

 Seeing red sky, the sound of mortar, and the smell of Fragrant flowers, the army Bondowoso started going to leave her job. They thought it was already morning, and They Had to go.

 Seeing his hosts go, Bondowoso shouted: "Hi balatentaraku, early days yet. Return to complete construction of this temple!"

 The Genie is still going, and not ignoring shouts Bondowoso. Bondowoso felt very upset, and finally completed the construction of the temple are left. But unfortunately, not yet completed the construction of Temples, morning has come. Also Bondowoso failed to qualify from Roro Jonggrang.

 Knowing failure Bondowoso, Roro Jonggrang then approached Bondowoso. "You failed to qualify from me, Bondowoso," said Roro Jonggrang.

 Hearing these words Jonggrang Roro, Bondowoso very angry. With a very loud tone, Bondowoso said: "You're cheating Roro Jonggrang. You are the fact That thwart the development of a thousand temple. Therefore, I curse thee into the statue in the temple That Is That the thousandth!"

 Thanks to the magic Bondowoso, Roro Jonggrang turned into a statue / sculpture. Being Statues cans are up to now be seen in the Prambanan complex, and the name of the temple is the temple known as Roro Jonggrang. While the Temples are located in the vicinity Called Sewu Temple or Temple of the Thousand.